Freiburger historische Bestände - digital

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Appendix.

Facial muscles of Elk.

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rated from each other; the anterior one, the palpebral portion, is
somewhat longer, narrower, but more powerful than in the
Camel; for the rest, it behaves in the main as in the latter.
The posterior part, the auricular portion, however, is of particular
interest, being present in the shape of a real »sphincter«. From
the lateral face of the base of one auricle there arises a muscular
body, narrow but rather powerful, which passing down outside
the parotis, and, turning on to the ventral face of the upper part
of the neck finally joins its fellow on the opposite side of the
head (PL 15, fig. 6). Only the anterior bundles of this sphincter
profundus go sphincterlike from one auricle to the other; but
the posterior bundles, from each side, radiate upon the ventral
face of the neck and are here interlaced in the median line. Thus
the part of the sphincter profundus that lies on the ventral face
of the neck forms a triangular flat muscular body, the point of
which is directed backwards and reaches posteriorly to about below
the middle of the epistropheus.

2. Orbicularis-oculi-group.

pl 16, fig. 22.

The m. orbicularis oculi consists of circular bundles arising
from, and inserting themselves into, a strong and distinctly
marked ligamentum palpebrale nasale. Besides, there are bundles,
arising from the ligamentum palpebrale nas., going in an arc
into the lower eyelid and turning up, behind the posterior
angle of the eye, where they spread like a fan and reach
rather far up (in a young male they extended up to the very base
of the pedicle of the antler). The whole orbicularis is so broad
that it projects beyond the bony orbital margin. At the posterior
angle of the eye there is a small, narrow, flat m. horizontalis,
arising a little behind the angle of the eye, partly outside partly
between the orbicularis bundles, running straight backwards and
inserting itself into the connective tissue a little in front of the
ear; it covers the orbicularis bundles that turn up behind the
posterior angle of the eye.

The m. prodorbicularis is strongly developed, large, and as it
were, dividing into two portions. One portion consists, as usual,
of bundles arising from the lig. palpebrale, in front of and in
continuation of the orbicularis, and radiating fan-wise dorsad and
ventrad, the posterior ones quite intimately joining the orbicu-
laris-bundles (PI. 16, fig. 22, prd and prv2). As an immediate continuation
of the upwards radiating bundles there is a row of
fascicles radiating from the front obliquely outward and projecting
into the upper eyelid, almost in its whole length: the m.
supraorbicularis (the m. corrugator supercilii of the Veterinarians).
Together they form a rather broad muscular plate, which in the
cf investigated reached backwards to the pedicle of the antler. —
The other portion of the prseorbicularis (the m. malaris of the
Veterinary anatomy; PL 16, fig. 22, prv^) forms a rather large flat
muscular body, arising from the lachrymal bone, the line of origin
being approximately a continuation of the lig. palpebrale,
turning however anteriorly somewhat downwards. From this line
of origin the bundles radiate like a fan downwards and vanish
outside the buccinator. The muscle forms a continuation of the
downwards radiating bundles of the first-named portion of m. prse-
orbicularis; only the dorsal ends of the posterior bundles of
prVi are — on account of their direction obliquely downwards
and backwards — covered by some of the bundles of the
portion prv2. The lower part of the »m. malaris« is covered by
the pars zygomatica platysmatis.

The m. nasolabialis at its origin meets the m. prseorbicularis,
partly invading the bundles of the latter but still appearing in
the shape of a muscle distinctly limited from the rest of the orbi-
cularis-complex. From the ligamentum palpebrale the line of origin
extends upon the frontal, and it is just on this space that the m.
nasolabialis stands out partly under, partly between the bundles
of the m. prseorbicularis dorsalis. The line of origin farther proceeds
on the nasal surface, that is, on the nasal bones, the cartilaginous
nasal septum and between the nostrils. Thus the muscle
spans a rather considerable space, forming a large, long, and

flat but rather thin body, which spreads over the very much
elongated facial portion of the skull. The posterior bundles
pass very much obliquely downwards and forwards, but towards
the anterior end of the muscle the bundles, more and more, take
a transverse direction; besides, the right and the left muscular
body in about the whole length of the dorsum nasi are amalgamated
, so that across the greater part of the face there is, as
it were, a muscular mantle, the transverse bundles of which
turn from one side of the face, over the nasal ridge, on to
the other side (vide PL 11, fig. 1, where however only the anterior
part of the muscular mantle is figured). At some distance
behind the nostril, and rather far up, the muscle is pierced by
the tendon of the superior part of the m. maxillo-labialis. The
bundles from the larger, posterior, portion of the m. nasolabialis
(that is, the portion behind the piercing of the superior part
of the m. maxillo-labialis) insert themselves partly into the connective
tissue outside the other facial muscles, partly into the
upper lip, whereas the anterior bundles partly insert themselves
along the upper margin of the nostril and partly turn behind
the nostril to its lower circumference; a number of these anterior
bundles insert themselves into the tendon of the portio sup.
musculi maxillo-labialis (v. PL 11, fig. 1). In the portion behind
the nostril numerous bundles of the m. nasalis cross up between
the nasolabialis bundles.

3. M. maxillo-labialis

(pi. fig. l)

arises fleshy from the maxillary bone below and behind the foramen
infraorbitale. A little below the middle there is in the proximal part
of the muscle a short tendinous line indicating, as it were, a division
of the muscular body into two portions; in reality one finds,
in the Elk, that the maxillo-labialis is separated into two distinct
muscles which, indeed, at their origin are still quite closely united.

The powerful, rather thick, muscular body of the upper portion
passes, somewhat rapidly, into a tendon that goes obliquely
forwards, and upwards, dividing into a number of »tendinous
fingers« that radiate like a fan towards the dorsum nasi and the
muzzle; as to the insertion of a portion of the nasolabialis into
the tendon see above.

The lower portion goes forwards. The muscular body soon
divides into three portions; each of these passes into a thin tendon
which again divides into several tendinous branches. The two
upper tendons insert themselves behind the nostril, whereas the
lowest proceeds into the upper lip where it may be followed
nearly as far as the median line.

Numerous bundles of the m. nasalis thrust out between the
portions of the m. maxillo-labialis.

4. Buccinator-group.

pl 16, fig. 3 and 4.

The m. buccinatorius in front of the m. masseter consists of
two well separated layers, a superficial one with perpendicular
(transverse) bundles and a deep one with longitudinal bundles.
But at the origin, posteriorly, from the upper jaw, and from the
anterior margin of the ramus ascendens of the lower jaw, the
bundles of the two layers merge so smoothly together that one
can here only speak of one layer. The lower bundles have, from
their origin, a longitudinal direction, but as the line of origin
proceeds upon the upper jaw the following bundles take a steeper
and steeper direction; and it is only in front of the anterior border
of the m. masseter that the stratification of the m. buccinatorius
begins, the longitudinal bundles thrusting below the perpendicular
ones.

The superficial layer (PL 16, fig. 3) proceeds direct into the
pars rimana and behaves in the under lip in a way similar to
that of the Camel (comp. PL 11, fig. 1, where the pars rimana is
figured in the upper lip).

Along the lower margin of the superficial layer a streak of
longitudinal bundles extends: the m. depressor labii inferioris of