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59 Appendix.

bundles are partly covered by a small band of longitudinal
bundles that arise at the posterior angle of the eye (m. horizon-
talis, comp. the Elk).

The m. prceorbicularis is powerfully developed with bundles
radiating both upwards and downwards. The ventral ones form
a broad, flat, muscular body that arises from a line being the
continuation of the anterior angle of the eye, for a large part inside
and before the »lachrymal groove«. The bundles radiate like
a fan downward, the posterior ones closely joining the orbicular
bundles of the lower eyelid. The whole part radiating downward
is almost completely covered, partly by the m. nasolabialis,
partly by the palpebral portion of the sphincter profundus.

The dorsal fascicles, which have also a rather considerable
development, radiate fan-wise from the anterior angle of the eye,
upon the frontal surface and the dorsum of the nose. Posteriorly
this part of the prseorbicularis proceeds direct in a broad and flat
muscular body, the m. supraorbicularis, which, from the upper
eyelid, where the bundles thrust between the orbicular ones,
spreads over rather a considerable part of the front.

The relation of the upward radiating bundles of the prseorbicularis
to the m. nasolabialis is to be particularly remarked.
These two muscles completely join; the m. nasolabialis appears
as an immediate continuation of these bundles. The m. nasolabialis
forms a great, flat muscle, the bundles of which run
obliquely down the face making for the upper lip. In the posterior
part of the m. nasolabialis the fascicles, as described, form
a continuation of the dorsal praeorbicularis fascicles; but farther
in front, new fascicles join from the dorsum of the nose, where
they run, in an arc, from one side of the face to the other. The
m. nasolabialis thus reaches into the very muzzle, where the fascicles
insert themselves along the upper and lower margin of the
nostril. In the extreme foremost part the tendinous branches of
the m. maxillo-labialis thrust through the m. nasolabialis.

3. M. maxillo-labialis.

pi. 11, fig. 5.

In the Wapiti the muscle arises fleshy from the maxillary
bone, below, and behind, the foramen infraorbitale. The flat
muscular body stretches forwards, gradually splitting into a series
of extended narrow portions which, however, plainly show their
mutual connection, bundles of fibres connecting one portion with
another. Each portion passes into a thin tendon, which again
splits into several branches. These tendinous branches radiate
like a fan forwards; the upper turn up dorsad to the muzzle,
those that follow insert themselves along the posterior circumference
of the nostril, whereas the lower proceed into the upper
lip. The tendinous branch that reaches highest dorsad, fuses
with the corresponding one from the other side of the head to
form a rather thick tendinous cord that runs down into the
muzzle and the upper lip between the nostrils. On the upper
tendon the muscular body proceeds a considerable distance along
it (a, PI. 11, fig. 5), to leave it a little behind the posterior corner
of the nostril in the shape of a small muscular fascicle (b). From
some of the tendons situated below there arise similar small
muscular bodies (c, PI. 11, fig. 5) that, like the upper bundle, pass
forwards, crossing between the upward radiating bundles of the
m. nasalis. Some of these bundles can only be followed between
the nasalis-fascicles where they end, whereas others are inserted
outside the cartilaginous nose.

4. Buccinator-group.

pi. 16, fig. 5 and 6.

The m. buccinatorius. At the origin posteriorly from the
upper and lower jaw the muscle forms only one layer; afterwards
the fascicles push below each other so that they form a
superficial transverse and a deep longitudinal layer. The superficial
layer is, in the main, like that of the Zebu (v. below), but
it is somewhat thinner than in the latter. The pars rimana (comp.
PI. 11, fig. 5, where the pars rimana is figured in the upper lip)
is very powerful but, as in the Zebu, it does not form a closed

Facial muscles of Wapiti. Zebu. 60

»sphincter«, the fascicles inserting themselves into the fibrous
middle portion of the lips. The fascicles still reach considerably
farther into the lips than in the Zebu.

The m. depressor labii inferioris is, in the main, as in the Zebu.

As to the details of the buccinator we make the following
remarks. The superficial transverse and the deep longitudinal
layer posteriorly pass so smoothly into each other that one can
hardly fix the limit between them; but in front, about the anterior
half of the buccinator, they are distinctly separated by a
rather thick layer of connective tissue. Part of the bundles of the
deep layer insert under way into the mucous membrane; the
middle ones reach on to the angle of the mouth, whereas the
upper ones, and the lower ones, in rather a considerable number
, proceed into the lips, where they contribute to the formation
of the pars rimana. Several bundles, particularly of the lower,
turn, in front, into an arc upwards, crossing up between other
of the longitudinal ones and inserting themselves into the mucous
membrane (PI. 16, fig. 6).

In the anterior half of the upper lip the longitudinal layer
forms a pars supralabialis. Part of the rimana-fascicles originating
from the longitudinal layer turn in an arc round the low angle
between the gingiva and the mucous membrane of the upper lip
inserting themselves into the intermaxillary bone immediately
below this angle. These bundles, which have caudad a longitudinal
, rostrad an oblique direction, are anteriorly followed by
fibres, which are wholly oblique (and successively more transverse
, that is to say dorso-ventrad), taking their origin from the
intermaxillary bone and descending in an arc into the lip. As
a direct continuation of these there is, quite in front, a strong
muscular portion, which arises from the intermaxillary bone and
radiates upward unto the inferior and anterior circumference of
the nostril (PI. 16, fig. 6). On dissecting the pars supralabialis
from the inner side of the lip by removing the mucous membrane
: it may appear that the last described, most anterior part
forms an independent muscle; the fascicles radiate upwards and
so cross the direction of the labial fascicles.

Inside this upwards radiating muscle there is a fascicle of
transverse fibres from one cartilaginous wing of the nose to the
other; it looks as if it were only a part of the pars supralabialis.

The m. nasalis (PI. 11, fig. 5) is a rather large and full muscular
mass, arising in the usual way from the intermaxillary and
maxillary bones, and besides continuing the origin for some distance
upon the soft nasal wall. Its fascicles are arranged in
rows. The posterior part forms a flat body that lies outside the
maxillary bone, mostly covered by the m. maxillo-labialis, and
above this muscle thrusting its bundles between the fascicles
of the m. nasolabialis. The anterior part of the m. nasalis forms
rather a considerable muscular mass, whose bundles radiate into
the space behind the nostril; the rows of fascicles appear between
the tendinous branches of the m. maxillo-labialis.

The m. mentalis consists of a rather considerable mass of
fascicles, from the lower jaw radiating fan-wise into the under
lip and the chin.

5. M. lateralis nasi

(pi. 11, fig. 5)

is small, and thin, arising from the anterior margin of the proc.

nasalis of the intermaxillary bone and extending outside the soft

nasal wall inserting into the mucous membrane.

Attached to the cartilaginous nose there are two small muscles
that in the main agree with those mentioned in the Elk.

6. M. rectus labii

is present — at all events in the under lip.

4. ZEBU.

1. Platysma-sphincter-group.

The sphincter superficialis is wanting on the head.

The platysma is powerfully developed: the lower part forms