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73 Appendix.

in the usual manner — radiate out between the fascicles of the
said muscles unto the skin, we have not been able to decide.
In the anterior series the fascicles are directed towards the ventral
circumference of the nostril. In Veterinary anatomy this
muscle is described as part of the »m. incisivus sup.«; but its
origin, its place and the arrangement of its fascicles speak decidedly
for the interpretation of it as m. nasalis, though the
direction of the fascicles is somewhat different from what we
have found elsewhere; nor have we been able to follow the
fascicles unto the skin.

5. Ml. lateralis nasi,

(PI. 8, fig. 1)

is a pale muscular frame along the margin of the apertura pyri-
formis. Its ventral part forms a rather full muscular mass (particularly
full anteriorly); it is associated with much loose, partly
adipose, connective tissue between the fascicles; it arises from
the intermaxillary and maxillary bones, the fascicles turning round
the margin of the apertura pyriformis and inserting themselves
into the soft nasal wall (this part of the muscle is the m. carti-
laginis conchas inferioris et superioris of Gunther1)). The line
of origin posteriorly turns behind the apertura and the fascicles
from hence run obliquely forwards and downwards (the m.
dilatator nasi superior of Gunther); this posterior part of the
muscle is not always equally well and distinctly developed (in
the specimen figured it is very distinct); it was even completely

*) Gunther, Die topographische Myologie des Pferdes, 1866.

Facial muscles of Horse. 74

wanting in one Horse's head which we examined. Farther in
front the fascicles arise from the nasal bone, a little within its
free margin, and from the margin of the cartilaginous nose; in
this range the fascicles run down onto the soft nasal wall. The
muscle passes, without sharp limits, into the deep fascicles of the
m. transversus nasi. (This anterior part of the muscle corresponds
to Gunther's m. dilatator nasi anterior.)

The m. transversus nasi forms a rather considerable muscular
mass in the region between the nostrils. The superficial fascicles
(Gunther's m. transversus nasi superficialis, Ellenberger und
Baum's m. transversus nasi, pars superficialis) run transversely
between the mediad margins of the nostrils. The Veterinary
authors, to which reference here been made, however, have not
noticed that these superficial fascicles only insert themselves into
the skin. The deeper parts of the muscle form a dense mass of
transverse fascicles (Gunther's m. transversus nasi profundus,
Ellenberger und Baum's m. transversus nasi, pars profunda),
which extends from one cartilaginous »nasal wing« to the other,
as well between the »laminse« as between the »cornua«. These
deep fascicles pass upwards, immediately, into the m. lateralis nasi.
Downwards the deep and the superficial fascicle pass without
limits into the pars rimana. Finally there are, at the very deepest
, some fascicles that gradually take a slanting direction so that
they form a couple of crossing portions, and as an immediate
continuation of these there is a thin muscular plate that arises
from the convex margin of the cornu extending in below the
soft nasal wall where they insert themselves (Gunther's m. dilatator
nasi inferior).

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