Freiburger historische Bestände - digital

modern names to a number of rivers which are nameless
upon the globe. Thus, three rivers entering the Hyr-
canian Sea (Caspian) are named Jemba, Sir and Amu,1
usually known in those days by their ancient names of
Daix, Jaxartes and Oxus. Three rivers in North-eastern
Asia he rashly identifies with the Lena, the Kolyma and
the Amur, apparently quite unaware of the fact that the
Russian fur-hunters only reached the Lena in 1628 and
the Amur in 1643. Further south two rivers are named
Menam-ken (J 5 s) and Menam fl. (J 11 s), which the
artist believed to represent the Me-kong and the river of
Siam, which certainly became only known (at all events
by these names) many years after the completion of the
globe. There are minor discrepancies between the original
and the copy made for the Bibliotheque Nationale, but what
has been stated proves that the collation was not as
thorough as the certificate printed above would lead us to
believe.

In 1892 M. Gigot de Grandpre', under the direction of
Mr. H. Vignaud, made a copy of the Paris globe, which
was exhibited at Chicago and is now in the National
Museum at Washington. It only cost 2,000 frcs.

A third facsimile in solido was produced by order of
the Portuguese Commission2 for the Centenary of the
discovery of America which was celebrated at Madrid in
1892. It is the work of a clever lady artist, Sa. Casanova,
but is decorative merely, and has no claim to accuracy.

Pseudo-Facsimiles in ylano.

The earliest of these facsimiles was published by J. G.
Doppelmayr, in 1770. It is on a globular projection and
on a small scale (diam. 196 mm.), but compensates for a
paucity of place names by having most of the legends of
the globe engraved in its broad margins. Even in Doppelmayr
's day the lettering of the globe appears in part to
have been difficult to decipher. Doppelmayr's reading
near the Pole, " hie findet man weises volk " (here are
found white people), is corrected by Murr into "hie
fecht man weisen valcken " (here are caught white hawks).
Similarly, Puini should evidently read Permi (Permians)
and minupias Menuthias. The island antilia has been
overlooked. The words Polus arcticus and antarcticus,
although also given by Murr, are not to be discovered on
the original.

Christoph Gottlieb von Murr, in his ' Diplomatische
Geschichte des Ritters Martin Behaim' (First edition,
Nuremberg, 1778), published a facsimile of that part of the
globe which lies between Gran Canaria and Asia. Murr
(p. 26) describes this as " an exact copy on the actual size
of the globe," when, as a matter of fact, it is a mere
sketch, on a globular projection, having a diameter of
520 mm. On this facsimile the meridian distance between
Gran Canaria and the eastern hom of Asia (Zeitun)

1 On the Catalan Map, 1375, the Oxus is called fl. amo.
a " Centenario do descobrimento de America," ' Memories da
Commissao Portuguese' (Lisbon, 1892).

amounts to 100°, instead of 118° as on the original; Murr
altogether omits the meridian, which is drawn about 15°
to the east of Cipangu, and its legends. On the other
hand he numbers toe degrees along the Equator, and
names the " Tropicus cancri " and " Tropicus capricorni,"
the " Polus arcticus " and " Polus antarcticus," neither of
which is done on the original.

I shall next deal with the facsimiles published by
Dr. F. W. Ghillany in 1853 ('Geschichte des Seefahrers
Ritter Martin Behaim'), and E. F. Jomard in 1854
(' Monuments de la Geographie'), and I shall do so at some
length, as up to 1894, when Prof. H. Wagner3 exposed
their shortcomings, they were looked upon as trustworthy
copies made direct from the globe. Indeed, Ghillany
(pp. III.) claims to give, for the first time, a complete
draft, the size of the " globe itself, and all that is found
on it in faithful facsimile." He assures us (p. 72) that " the
various legends have been introduced literally (wortge-
treu)." These assertions prove that although Ghillany is
known to have seen the globe, he can never have carefully
examined it. Jomard did not five to write the text
which was to accompany his ' Monuments.' When he
died in 1862, the materials collected by him were handed
over to M. d'Avezac, after whose death in 1875 they
were entrusted to E. Cortambert, who merely published a
short ' Introduction a l'Atlas des Monuments de la
Geographie ' (Paris, 1879). Ultimately d'Avezac's effects
were handed over to his nephew, Count Jules Boselli,
since which time the original, from which Jomard's
facsimile was copied, has not been seen. This original I
venture to identify with the two parchment rolls referred
to by Murr as containing a " fairly correct and neat copy
of the globe,"4 and which were also seen by Dr. Cropp,
who noticed that St. Brandan's Island had erroneously
been named Antilia. The original rolls I presume were
forwarded to Jomard, who accordingly retained the
erroneous designation of St. Brandan's Island, omitting
Antilia altogether. A copy, however, was retained from
which Jean Midler subsequently produced Ghillany's
facsimile. Upon this facsimile the mistake as to Antilia
and St. Brandan, which had been pointed out by
Dr. Cropp, was corrected.

The assumption that the " facsimiles" published by
Ghillany and Jomard are copies of the same original is
irrefutable. They are both on a globular projection and
on the same scale ; they both ignore the existence of a first
meridian and its legends, and place the signs of the Zodiac
differently from the original; show an equatorial gulf
penetrating for 900 geographic miles into Eastern Africa;
duplicate the names Catabeda and Copicora (topierra),5
describe the south-western cape of Africa as Caput bona

3 ' Die Rekonstniktion der Toscanelli-Karte' (' Nachr. d. K. Gesellsch.
d. W.,' GSttingen, 1894).

4 See page 60.

6 First, correctly, to the south of the Ganges, secondly on Sinus
magnus.